Guimaraes Castle. Braganca Castle in Guimaraes. Imposing 12th century castle built on the site of earlier fortifications. The castle was the official royal residence from 1139 until the 13th century. Now classified by UNESCO, as World Heritage. Other attractions near Guimaraes Castle.The Dallas Mavericks owner would buy a pet rock before gold. "I hate gold. Gold is a religion," Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks, says in an exclusive interview at the Thr...Courtyard, Palace of the Dukes of Braganza (Paço dos Duques de Bragança) Nearby. Close to the Palace of the Dukes of Braganza are the Church of São Miguel do Castelo and Guimarães Castle. Also within a short walk are the Convento do Carmo and the Convento de Santo António dos Capuchos.. A recommended eatery close by is Cor de …The Castle of Guimarães (Portuguese: Castelo de Guimarães), is the principal medieval castle in the municipality Guimarães, in the northern region of Portugal. It was built under the orders of Mumadona Dias in the 10th century to defend the monastery from attacks by Moors and Norsemen. The … See moreThe Guimarães Castle is, still today, one of the most iconic and well-recognized medieval castles in Portugal.» Mário Jorge Barroca Em Guimarães, visite o Paço dos Duques, o …Guimarães Castle 4.9 1036. 00:00:00 ooops. Garage's Host closed this game due to the lack of players I'm lucky! Close. ooops. Congratulations, you completed the puzzle so quickly that we didn't have time to record your result! Try to complete it again without cheating. ... The castle´s presence evokes the exciting mixture of legend, poetry and heroism that surrounds the beginning of Portuguese history. On this Monte Largo (Broad Hill) - referred to as alpis latitus in the Latin documents of the time - the nucleus of the future nation of Portugal was first developed.In circa 968, Mumadona, the countess of Galicia, ordered a castle to be built on Nestled on the shores of Lough Leane and surrounded by lush greenery, Ross Castle is a must-visit for those seeking an authentic medieval experience. Dating back to the 15th centur...Dating from the 9th century, the UNESCO-listed Guimaraes is a surefire charmer with no end to the embarrassment of riches. It’s one of the easiest and best day trips from Porto. Guimaraes is known as the birthplace of Portugal’s founder-king Afonso Henriques. It boasts a brooding 10th century castle, a Gothic-Renaissance palace, and …Are you dreaming of a vacation that transports you back in time to an era of kings and queens? Look no further than the enchanting town of Killarney, Ireland. Nestled in the heart ...Sep 22, 2023 · Guimarães Castle A trip to Guimarães would not be complete without a visit to the iconic Guimarães Castle, widely known as the birthplace of the Portuguese nation. This historic fortress dates back to the 10th century and was crucial in protecting the town from invasions during the Middle Ages. Guimarães: castle. The 10th-century castle at Guimarães, Port. Guimarães, city and concelho (municipality), northwestern Portugal. Guimarães lies at …Guimaraes, Portugal - September 11, 2017: Castelo de Guimaraes Castle. Most famous castle in Portugal. Birth place of the first Portuguese King and the ...Jan 7, 2024 · #9 – Guimaraes Castle. You can’t miss the The Castle of Guimarães, built atop a hill in the historic centre of town. It was built in the 900s, back when Guimaraes was under constant attack from both Moors and Norsemen. Although you can’t tell from my photo, the castle was undergoing extensive repairs at the time of my visit in August 2023. Centro Historico de Guimaraes. Paço dos Duques de Bragança. Largo da Oliveira. Quinta Pedagógica Quinta das Manas. We decided to venture out with our farm in 2008, when we felt that we had a beautiful 50,000 meter rural space that needed to be shared with the world. We are so close to the big cities of Guimarães, Braga and Porto, that we ...Guimarães Castle: Our most recommended tours and activities. 1. From Porto: Braga and Guimarães Full Day Tour with Lunch. Travel in an air-conditioned van from Porto to the cities of Braga and Guimarães on this guided tour. Savor an authentic Portuguese lunch.Thus was born the Castle of Guimarães. After the birth of Condado Portucalense, it became inhabited by Count Dom Henrique and Dona Teresa, who had major ...it was mainly made to protect the king of course from any external threat. On the top of the castle i could distiguish a place where they put all the history of ...Guimaraes Castle . No trip to Guimaraes is complete without visiting its most monumental and imposing landmark – the Guimaraes Castle. The castle stands as a symbol of local prowess. It is an architectural treasure that attracts a large number of visitors each year. Whether you wish to stand in its splendid … Guimarães is the most quaint and traditional Portuguese city in northern Portugal. The streets are lined with medieval buildings, the plazas are bursting with character, and there is an ancient castle older than the country. Guimarães Castle. A trip to Guimarães would not be complete without a visit to the iconic Guimarães Castle, widely known as the birthplace of the Portuguese nation. This historic fortress dates back to the 10th century and was crucial in protecting the town from invasions during the Middle Ages. Visitors are invited to explore the robust ...Historic Centre of Guimarães is an urban space of the city of Guimarães, in Portugal, tracing back to medieval age covering an area of 16 hectares and retaining many buildings from the medieval age until 19th century. Since 2001, it is declared as a World Heritage Site of UNESCO.. Guimarães is closely linked to the formation …As Guimarães is widely considered to be the cradle of Portuguese national identity, the castle claims to be the likely place of birth of the first king of Portugal, Afonso Henriques. The most fun part of the visit to the castle is the animated biopic of Afonso Henriques shown on the top floor of the keep – you don’t have to understand ...To the north is the castle, which was the home of the fabled first king Afonso Henriques, and you can also catch a cable car to Monte da Penha where there’s a sanctuary poised high above the city. Lets explore the best things to do in Guimarães: 1. Palace of the Dukes of Braganza Source: flickr Palace of the Dukes of Braganza2. Guimarães Castle. The seven-towered Guimarães castle was built in the 11th century and was the birthplace of Afonso Henriques, the first king of Portugal. The …Located in the district of Braga, the picturesque city of Guimarães is one of the most important historical destinations of the country. D. Afonso Henriques,...Located in the middle of a historic walled city, Guimarães Castle is a medieval fortress linked to the founding of Portugal. In the tenth century, the Countess …The Dallas Mavericks owner would buy a pet rock before gold. "I hate gold. Gold is a religion," Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks, says in an exclusive interview at the Thr...The Guimarães Castle is located in the city of Guimarães. The castle itself has a dominant position, this by overlooking the “Campo de São Mamede”, this monument is linked to the foundation of the Portucalense County and to the struggles for independence from Portugal, so the location has been called …Hotel da Oliveira. Hotel in Old Town , Guimarães (0.3 miles from Guimarães Castle) The Hotel da Oliveira is within the historical Guimarães city center, a UNESCO World Heritage site. The Guimarães Castle, the city’s most iconic landmark is …Historic Centre of Guimarães is an urban space of the city of Guimarães, in Portugal, tracing back to medieval age covering an area of 16 hectares and retaining many buildings from the medieval age until 19th century. Since 2001, it is declared as a World Heritage Site of UNESCO.. Guimarães is closely linked to the formation …Jul 17, 2023 · 1. Guimarães Castle. Guimarães castle, one of the highlights on my Porto Guimarães day trip. The main attraction in town is Guimarães Castle. It’s the reason why Guimarães is considered to be the birthplace of Portugal. The first king of Portugal, Afonso Henriques, was born there. The Castle or you might say the cradle of Portugal, is ... No. Guimarães Castle: The wonder of northern Portugal. This impressive monument is very popular with the Portuguese and was elected in 2007 as one of the 7 wonders of …The Guimarães Castle is located in the city of Guimarães. The castle itself has a dominant position, this by overlooking the “Campo de São Mamede”, this monument is linked to the foundation of the Portucalense County and to the struggles for independence from Portugal, so the location has been called …Jul 24, 2022 · You will find tons of cafes, restaurants and landmarks nearby like the Convento de Santo António dos Capuchos and Guimarães Castle. Book a stay here; Hotel de Guimarães: Located in the heart of historical Guimarães, Hotel de Guimarães is a gorgeous place to call home. The hotel features a spacious indoor pool, and a sauna where you can ... Feb 9, 2017 · Serra Penha. One of the most remarkable natural landmarks of Northern Portugal, the Serra Penha is seen as the home mountain of Guimaraes. More than 600 meters high, this colossal granite mountain stands proud above the city. The summit offers a variety of activities such as mini golf, as well as hosting a statue commemorating Pius IX. Guimaraes Castle . No trip to Guimaraes is complete without visiting its most monumental and imposing landmark – the Guimaraes Castle. The castle stands as a symbol of local prowess. It is an architectural treasure that attracts a large number of visitors each year. Whether you wish to stand in its splendid …Guimarães Castle (Castelo de Guimarães) is a symbol of Portuguese identity and independence and is designated as a national monument. Guimaraes was the birthplace of the first king of Portugal, King Afonso Henriques, and Guimaraes Castle was where he held court. It was originally built in the 10th century as a fortress and was …Visit to Guimarães where Portugal was born with King Afonso Henriques, exploring the Castle and the Paço dos Duques, discover the UNESCO historical heritage city center, visiting S. Francis Monastery and in the morning finishing with a traditional lunch, after visiting Penha viewpoint, then travel to Braga for a city tour where you will ...Guimaraes Castle . No trip to Guimaraes is complete without visiting its most monumental and imposing landmark – the Guimaraes Castle. The castle stands as a symbol of local prowess. It is an architectural treasure that attracts a large number of visitors each year. Whether you wish to stand in its splendid …The story of a Ghanaian king and a Danish castle reveals the complexities of African agency during the transatlantic slave trade “Yes, you can see the keys. But, you must make an a... The restored castle has become the poster child of Guimarães, and one of the most well-recognized medieval castles in Portugal. A walkway allows you to circle the inside of the castle walls, providing sweeping views of the town and the nearby Palace of the Dukes. Buy a joint ticket that includes both the castle and the palace. According to Tripadvisor travellers, these are the best ways to experience Guimarães Castle: Best of Braga and Guimaraes Day Trip from Porto (From C$88.26) Guimarães & Braga Small Group Tour, Lunch & All Tickets included (From C$134.63) Braga and Guimarães with Lunch Included - Small Group - Full Day (From C$216.91) Located in the middle of a historic walled city, Guimarães Castle is a medieval fortress linked to the founding of Portugal. In the tenth century, the Countess …The city of Guimarães, birthplace of the nation. Located in the district of Braga, Guimarães is an emblematic city, considered the cradle of the Portuguese Nation. It was also the first city to be named capital of the country. Not far from the castle, Guimarães has a very charming city centre, composed of small streets and pedestrian squares.Jan 17, 2023 · The Castle of Guimarães is located a few minutes walk from the city center and a stone’s throw from the Palace of the Dukes of Bragança. It is open every day from 10am to 6pm (ticket office closes at 5:30pm). The entrance ticket is 2 €, but you can also opt for combined tickets: Guimarães Castle + Palace of the Dukes of Bragança: 6 €. Historic Centre of Guimarães is an urban space of the city of Guimarães, in Portugal, tracing back to medieval age covering an area of 16 hectares and retaining many buildings from the medieval age until 19th century. Since 2001, it is declared as a World Heritage Site of UNESCO.. Guimarães is closely linked to the formation …The historical centre has a medieval castle and a royal palace open to visitors. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Understand [ edit] Guimarães ( gee-muh-RUHNEESH, … Representing Brazil. Olympic Games. 2020 Tokyo. Team. *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 23:30, 11 March 2024 (UTC) ‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 21 November 2023. Bruno Guimarães Rodriguez Moura (born 16 November 1997) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for ... If you do drive the main car park of Guimarães is to the north of the historic centre, close to the castle (GPS 41.448859, -8.289203) Porto to Guimarães fares and tickets A single ticket from Porto to Guimarães costs €3.45/€1.75 (adult/child), a return ticket is the price of two singles €6.90/€3.50 (adult/child). Nov 2, 2023 · In conclusion, Guimarães is a city that is brimming with cultural treasures, and the Palace of the Dukes and the Castle of the Moors are two prime examples of its rich heritage. From the grand halls of the palace to the ancient walls of the castle, these attractions offer a unique and immersive experience for visitors. Hilton has revealed that it will soon open its first Dutch Curio Collection by Hilton hotel as part of a franchise agreement. Increased Offer! Hilton No Annual Fee 70K + Free Night...The castle is a vast fortress surrounded by crenellated ramparts with seven square towers. In the heart of the fortress, the keep hovers 28 meters / 90 feet above …Journey to two of Portugal’s northernmost cities, Guimarães and Braga, on this immersive guided day trip from Porto, including lunch. Meet your expert guide and set out for Guimarães, an …In the 1800’s the town council wanted to demolish the now ruined castle and re-use the bricks for roadworks.. Fairly happy that didn’t happen.. Restorations finally began in 1937. The castle is less than a kilometre from the old town, and only takes about 10 – 15 minutes to reach on foot.It is mostly up hill …Guimaraes Castle . No trip to Guimaraes is complete without visiting its most monumental and imposing landmark – the Guimaraes Castle. The castle stands as a symbol of local prowess. It is an architectural treasure that attracts a large number of visitors each year. Whether you wish to stand in its splendid …The Castle of Guimarães was built under the orders of Mumadona Dias in the 10th century to defend the monastery from attacks by Moors and Norsemen. At the end of the 11th century the castle was heavily expanded and remodeled, under the direction of Count Henry, to act as his residence. The castle became the official royal residence from 1139 ...A Super Mario theme park just opened at Universal Studios Japan, featuring a Mario Kart ride, Bowser’s Castle, Peach’s Castle, life-sized piranha plants, and more. Theme parks aren...The Castle of Guimarães (Portuguese: Castelo de Guimarães), is the principal medieval castle in the municipality Guimarães, in the northern region of Portugal. It was built under the orders of Mumadona Dias in the 10th century to defend the monastery from attacks by Moors and Norsemen. Braga.Book Guimaraes Castle Tour. Palace Duques de Bragança. A ducal palace converted into a museum, the magnificent medieval building seems to ooze the unique Guimaraes spirit. If you go to this marvelous site, one of Guimaraes’ best architectural gems, don’t miss out on its stunning galleried courtyard and the …The Castle was inaugurated on the 4th of June, 1940, at the Ceremony which marked the beginning of the Centenarian National Celebrations (1140-1640). Today, the Castle is included in the Guimarães Classified Area as “World Heritage” (2001).Dating from the 9th century, the UNESCO-listed Guimaraes is a surefire charmer with no end to the embarrassment of riches. It’s one of the easiest and best day trips from Porto. Guimaraes is known as the birthplace of Portugal’s founder-king Afonso Henriques. It boasts a brooding 10th century castle, a Gothic-Renaissance palace, and …Jul 24, 2022 · You will find tons of cafes, restaurants and landmarks nearby like the Convento de Santo António dos Capuchos and Guimarães Castle. Book a stay here; Hotel de Guimarães: Located in the heart of historical Guimarães, Hotel de Guimarães is a gorgeous place to call home. The hotel features a spacious indoor pool, and a sauna where you can ... Download high-quality Castelo de Guimaraes Castle. Most famous castle images, illustrations and vectors perfectly priced to fit your projects budget.www.she-wrote.com I really had to take a moment the other day. My heart crumbled faster than a wave towering a sand castle. My 8 year old daughter was having a... Edit Your Post Pu...Nov 23, 2021 · Note that the Castle of Guimaraes is one of the best places in Guimaraes, Portugal to take selfies and its surroundings are nice for walking and communing with nature. Book Guimaraes Castle Tour. Palace Duques de Bragança. A ducal palace converted into a museum, the magnificent medieval building seems to ooze the unique Guimaraes spirit. 2023. 1. Paço dos Duques de Bragança. 1,917. Architectural Buildings • Castles. By JPF50. The woodwork in the chapel is outstanding and it’s certainly a place for quiet reflection.The Castle was inaugurated on the 4th of June, 1940, at the Ceremony which marked the beginning of the Centenarian National Celebrations (1140-1640). Today, the Castle is included in the Guimarães Classified Area as “World Heritage” (2001).Find out about some of the most beautiful places in the UK! From castles and mountains, to churches and beaches, you can find them all here. Home / Beautiful Places / Top 25 Most B...Upon arriving in Guimarães, a city that is a historical treasure, your next discovery is the Guimarães Castle. This is the birthplace of the Portuguese nation, and as you explore its imposing walls and towers, you will be transported to the medieval era, living history in every stone.From Lake Minnewanka to Banff Town to Castle Mountain to Morants Curve to Lake Louise, this is the Canadian Rockies.Find out about some of the most beautiful places in the UK! From castles and mountains, to churches and beaches, you can find them all here. Home / Beautiful Places / Top 25 Most B...OCTOBER 2023. Anna Pinto's Guide to the Best Castle Hotels near Guimarães, Portugal. We have also included hotels in old manor houses, historic buildings, monasteries, palaces and country estates. Hand-picked guide with the Best Castle Hotels near Guimarães.The Castle of Guimarães , is the principal medieval castle in the municipality Guimarães, in the northern region of Portugal. It was built under the orders of Mumadona Dias in the 10th century to defend the monastery from attacks by Moors and Norsemen.Castle of Óbidos. / 39.36333°N 9.15694°W / 39.36333; -9.15694. The Castle of Óbidos ( Portuguese: Castelo de Óbidos) is a well-preserved medieval castle located in the civil parish of Santa Maria, São Pedro e Sobral da Lagoa, in the municipality of …3 days ago · 2. Guimarães Castle. Also sitting on Monte Latito are the Guimarães Castle and the next item on our list, the Church of São Miguel do Castelo. The castle was built in the 10th century to defend the nearby monastery from attacks by Norsemen and Moors. During our visit in 2023, the castle was not open to visitors. Hotel da Oliveira. Hotel in Old Town , Guimarães (0.3 miles from Guimarães Castle) The Hotel da Oliveira is within the historical Guimarães city center, a UNESCO World Heritage site. The Guimarães Castle, the city’s most iconic landmark is …Hotel Mestre de Avis. Hotel in Guimarães. Awarded the Green Key eco-label in 2017, this hotel offers air-conditioned rooms with satellite TV in the historic center of Guimarães. Guimarães Castle is 10-minute walk away. 8.5. Very Good. 1,948 reviews. Price from $64.90 per night. Check availability.Guimaraes Castle is a military fortification built in the 10th century to defend the monastery from attacks by the Moors. The castle is associated with the origins of Portugal as a nation and is one of the most emblematic in the whole country. The castle is located in Guimaraes, the birthplace of Portugal’s first sovereign, Afonso I of Portugal.Fences during the XIV century. This century is marked by several sieges of Guimarães Castle: - Siege of 1322 - when the Castle's Alcaide loyally defended the ...People were all short, dirty, and tortured each other in castle dungeons, right? What was life like in the Middle Ages? If you believe what you’ve seen in movies—or maybe even what...Apartment in Guimarães. Located in the historic center of Guimarães, 600m from the Palace of the Dukes and 850m from the Castle of Guimarães, the apartment has air conditioning, free Wi-Fi connection. This apartment features a bedroom with bathroom, fully equipped kitchen and a living room. Bed linen and bath towels are provided.Guimarães Castle is one of the main tourist attractions in Guimarães, a UNESCO World Heritage city. It is a medieval fortress with a rich history and arc…Download high-quality Castelo de Guimaraes Castle. Most famous castle images, illustrations and vectors perfectly priced to fit your projects budget.The Story of Guimarães Castle. Published on 14 Nov 202130 Jun 2023 by MWH. Guimarães Castle, northern Portugal. Evoking the Middle Ages, the grand old …About Guimaraes. With its hilltop castle and medieval architecture, Guimaraes looks like it's straight out of a fairy tale. Said to be Portugal's birthplace, the city boasts UNESCO status and houses manicured gardens, a historic palace, and a 13th-century church.The charming center of Guimarães. One of the most prominent attractions of the “Cradle of the Portuguese Nation” is the Guimarães Castle, considered one of the 7 Wonders of Portugal, whose history is related to the independence struggles, being an important structure linked to the cradle of nationality.It is believed that D. Afonso …
#9 – Guimaraes Castle. You can’t miss the The Castle of Guimarães, built atop a hill in the historic centre of town. It was built in the 900s, back when Guimaraes was under constant attack from both Moors and Norsemen. Although you can’t tell from my photo, the castle was undergoing extensive repairs at the time …. Kare agency
The Castle of Guimarães, is the principal medieval castle in the municipality Guimarães, in the northern region of Portugal. It was built under the orders of Mumadona Dias in the 10th century to defend the monastery from attacks by Moors and Norsemen.The castle is a military fortification grounded primarily in the late Romanesque period, and elaborated …Monuments & Statues. By 750dimitrisl. This particular statue, of Guimaraes with two faces, has a bit of history which is full of symbolism, and indeed has a... 3. Escultura de D. Afonso Henriques. 6. Monuments & Statues. By 750dimitrisl. This sculpture of King Dom Afonso Henriques, is located at one end of the Largo da Misericordia, just ...Centro Historico de Guimaraes. Paço dos Duques de Bragança. Largo da Oliveira. Quinta Pedagógica Quinta das Manas. We decided to venture out with our farm in 2008, when we felt that we had a beautiful 50,000 meter rural space that needed to be shared with the world. We are so close to the big cities of Guimarães, Braga and Porto, that we ...Guimarães is considered the birthplace of Portugal because Afonso Henriques, who went on to be the first king of Portugal, was born here. The historical centre in the area that was within the Guimarães city walls, is associated with the formation and identity of Portugal, and was classified a World Heritage site based on the originality and authenticity applied …It is included in the list of ten most beautiful castles and the home town of Portugal's first king. High above the original valleys towers this imposing, impregnable-looking struThe Guimarães Pass has a useful map showing the location of the places to visit Places Guimarães Castle. Guimarães Castle. The Castelo de Guimarães dates from the 10th century and is thought to be the birthplace of Afonso Henriques, who became King Afonso I of Portugal. It is one of the country's best-preserved castles.Castle of Guimarães Palace of the Dukes of Braganza (Paço dos Duques de Bragança)The Palace of the Dukes of Braganza is next to the Castle of Guimarães and is also a National Monument.This palace was a medieval estate built in the early 1400s by Afonso, Count of Barcelos, and the first Duke of Braganza, …Castelo de Guimarães. Monuments. The castle´s presence evokes the exciting mixture of legend, poetry and heroism that surrounds the beginning of Portuguese history. On this …King Afonso Henriques and his castle. Towering over the city center, the 10 th-century Castelo de Guimarães. was in excellent position to protect the area from the attacks of the Moors, Normans, and Vikings.It’s said that the first king of Portugal, Afonso Henriques, was born in the castle in the early 11 th century.. …Visit Guimarães in Portugal. Guimarães is a historic city in the north of Portugal, considered the “cradle of the Portuguese nation”. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001 because of its rich cultural and architectural heritage. The city is famous for its medieval castle, built in the 12th century and dominating the city.The Castle of Guimarães (Portuguese: Castelo de Guimarães), is the principal medieval castle in the municipality Guimarães, in the northern region of Portugal. It was built under the orders of Mumadona Dias in the 10th century to defend the monastery …Guimarães Castle is one of the most important Medieval fortresses in northern Portugal. Its walls were built in the shape of a pentagram, complete with eight rectangular crenellated towers. Constructed in the 10th century, it later became the official royal residence of Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal, the father of …Romania's legendary Bran Castle, a popular tourist attraction known for its affiliation with Dracula, is offering free vaccines to visitors through the first weekend in June. Roman...Guimarães Castle is known in Portugal as a representation of the birth of the country. With its imposing presence, the castle is welcoming to tourists from all over the world, offering a glimpse into the medieval past of Portugal. Let’s take a look at the history behind Guimarães Castle, its architecture, and what you can expect when ...Apr 10, 2022 · Guimaraes Castle The original purpose of the castle was not to house royals, but protection for the local monastery: Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Oliveira. In fact the castle wasn’t even built by a king or queen, it was constructed by a countess who owned all the land that Guimaraes sits on. Jan 17, 2023 · The Castle of Guimarães is located a few minutes walk from the city center and a stone’s throw from the Palace of the Dukes of Bragança. It is open every day from 10am to 6pm (ticket office closes at 5:30pm). The entrance ticket is 2 €, but you can also opt for combined tickets: Guimarães Castle + Palace of the Dukes of Bragança: 6 €. Castelo de Guimarães (Guimarães Castle, Portugal) This is another recreation, which the structure itself is about 75% Complete, but the terrain is currently on hold whilst I figure out how to make it as realistic to the original. Also, the outer city walls are still being designed, since the original walls no longer exist, and there are only ....